Weiter zum Inhalt

Tung Oil and tong 桐 Trees


Seiten 215 - 236

DOI https://doi.org/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.167.1.0215




Tung oil has been used in China as a varnish and for caulking ships for a very long time, but its history is little known. Considerable confusion surrounds tong trees, as the name has been applied to several very different plants. This article discusses the identity of the various kinds of tong, concentrating upon the trees which produce tung oil. It describes the roles which tung oil has played in history. It was, for example, declared a strategic product by the US government during the Second World War, and played a part in US support for the Republic of China against Japan. It is suggested that tung oil may also have been essential to China's rise as a maritime power during the Song dynasty and later.

Tarragona

1 Adams, F. C. 1971: “The Road to Pearl Harbor: A Reexamination of American Far Eastern Policy, July 1937–December 1938.” In: The Journal of American History 58,1, pp. 73–92.

2 Agius, D. A. 2008: Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean. Leiden.

3 Aleman, L. 2014: “Time Maybe Favorable for Return of Tung Oil Industry.” In: Monticello News (April 2), pp.1, 3.

4 Barnett, R. W. 1940: “An American Loan to China in Operation.” In: Far Eastern Survey 9,6, pp. 68–70.

5 Becker, W. H. / W. M. Mcclenahan, Jr. 2003: The Market, the State, and the Export-Import Bank of the United States, 1934–2000. Cambridge.

6 Bretschneider, E. 1898: History of European Botanical Discoveries in China. 2 vols. London.

7 Brown, K. / W. Keeler 2005: “The History of Tung Oil.” In: Wildland Weeds 9,1, pp. 4–6.

8 Chen Guying 陳鼓應 (ed.) 2007: Zhuangzi jin zhu jin yi 莊子今注今譯. 2 vols. Beijing.

9 Chen Zhu 陳翥: Tong pu jiaozhu 桐譜校注. Annotated by Pan Falian 潘法連. Beijing 1981.

10 Chinese Academy of Forestry Staff 1986: Paulownia in China: Cultivation and Utilization. Ottawa.

11 Crawfurd, John 1858: China and its Trade. London.

12 Da Sinong Si 大司農司 (ed.) 2008: Nong sang ji yao yizhu 農桑輯要譯注. Annotated by Ma Zongshen 馬宗申. Shanghai.

13 Dallek, R. 1995: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945: With a New Afterword. Oxford.

14 Fairchild, D. 1913: The Chinese Wood-oil Tree. Washington.

15 Farquhar, D. M. 1990: The Government of China under Mongolian Rule: a reference guide. Stuttgart.

16 Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.) 1994: Flora of China. Vol. 17. St Louis and Beijing.

17 Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.) 1998: Flora of China. Vol. 18. St Louis and Beijing.

18 Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.) 1999: Flora of China. Vol. 4. St Louis and Beijing.

19 Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.) 2003: Flora of China. Vol. 9. St Louis and Beijing.

20 Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.) 2007: Flora of China. Vol. 12. St Louis and Beijing.

21 Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.) 2008: Flora of China. Vol. 11. St Louis and Beijing.

22 Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.) 2010: Flora of China. Vol. 10. St Louis and Beijing.

23 Fry, V. K. 1973: “Factors Contributing to the Demise of Tung Production in the United States.” In: Economic Botany 27,1, pp. 131–136.

24 Glaser, L. (ed.) 1996: Industrial Uses of Agricultural Materials Situation and Outlook. Washington.

25 Gledhill, D. 2008: The Names of Plants. Cambridge (4th ed.).

26 Guojia Zhongyiyao Guanliju “Zhonghua Bencao” Bianweihui 國家中醫藥管理局 “中華本草” 編委會 (ed.) 1999: Zhonghua bencao 中華本草. 10 vols. Shanghai.

27 Hanelt, P., and Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (eds.) 2001: Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops (except ornamentals). Berlin.

28 Hua Yue 華岳 1992: Cuiwei xiansheng bei zheng lu 翠微先生北征錄. In: “Zhongguo bing shu jicheng” Bianweihui “中國兵書集成” 編委會 (ed.): Zhongguo bing shu jicheng 中國兵書集成. Vol. 6. Beijing.

29 Jia Sixie 賈思勰 2006: Qi min yao shu yizhu 齊民要術譯注. Annotated by Miao Qiyu 繆啟愉 and Miao Guilong 繆桂龍 Shanghai.

30 Karlgren, B. 1964a: Glosses on the Book of Odes. Stockholm.

31 Karlgren, B. 1964b: Grammata Serica Recensa. Stockholm.

32 Kilby, W. W. 1970: “The American Tung Nut Industry.” In: Agricultural Science Review 8,4, pp. 29–35.

33 Krell, A. 2002: The Devil's Rope: A Cultural History of Barbed Wire. London.

34 Legge, J. 1960: The Chinese Classics. Vol. 4. The She King. Hong Kong.

35 Li Shizhen 李時珍 1982: Bencao gangmu 本草綱目. 2 vols. Beijing.

36 Liu Yingli 劉應李 2003: Da Yuan hunyi fangyu shenglan 大元混一方輿勝覽. Rev. Zhan Youliang 詹有諒. 2 vols. Chengdu.

37 Lu, D. J. 1961: From the Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor: Japan's Entry into World War II. Washington.

38 Lu You 陸友 1999: Mo shi 墨史. In: Zhibuzu zhai congshu 知不足齋叢書 Beijing, Vol. 4, pp. 671–693.

39 Ma Tai-Loi 馬泰來 1978: “The Authenticity of the 'Nan-Fang Ts'ao-Mu Chuang' 南方草木狀.” In: TP, 2nd series, 64, pp. 218–252.

40 Ma Zuchang 馬祖常 2004: Zhou zhen 舟箴. In: Li Xiusheng 李修生 (ed.): Quan Yuan wen 全元文. Vol. 32, p. 435. Nanjing.

41 Manguin, P.-Y. 1993: “Trading Ships of the South China Sea.” In: Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 36,3, pp. 253–280.

42 Manguin, P.-Y. 2012: “Asian Ship-Building Traditions in the Indian Ocean at the Dawn of European Expansion.” In: Om Prakash (ed.): History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. III, part 7: The Trading World of the Indian Ocean, 1500–1800. Delhi.

43 Marsili, G. 1786: “Descrizione della Firmiana albero exotico, che ha portato fiori e frutti a maturita nel pubblico giardino de' semplici di Padova.” In: Saggi Scientifici e Letterari dell' Accademia di Padova 1, pp. 106–116.

44 McGrail, S. 2001: Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford.

45 Meyer, F. N. 1911: Agricultural Explorations in the Fruit and Nut Orchards of China. Washington.

46 Morse, H. B. 1918: The International Relations of the Chinese Empire. Vol. 2: The Period of Submission, 1861–1893. London.

47 Moule, A. C. / P. Pelliot 1938: Marco Polo: the Description of the World. 2 vols. London.

48 Needham, J. 1962: Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 4: Physics and Physical Technology. Part I: Physics. Cambridge.

49 Needham, J. 1971: Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 4: Physics and Physical Technology. Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge.

50 Needham, J. 1984: Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 6: Biology and Biological Technology. Part II: Agriculture. By F. Bray. Cambridge.

51 Needham, J. 1988: Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part IX: Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling. By D. Kuhn. Cambridge.

52 Needham, J. 1996: Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 6: Biology and Biological Technology. Part III: Agro-industries and Forestry. By C. Daniels / N. K. Menzies. Cambridge.

53 Pelliot, P. 1959: Notes on Marco Polo: ouvrage posthume. Vol. 1. Paris.

54 Ri Hua Zi 日華子 2005: Ri Hua Zi bencao 日華子本草. Collected and annotated by Shang Zhijun 尚志銁. Hefei.

55 Robb, J. B. / P. D. Travis 2013: “The Rise and Fall of the Gulf Coast Tung Oil Industry.” In: Forest History Today 19,1/2, pp. 14–22.

56 Royle, J. F. 1855: The Fibrous Plants of India. London.

57 Schafer, E. H. 1963: The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics. Berkeley.

58 Schottenhammer, A. 2015: “China's Emergence as a Maritime Power.” In: J. Chaffee / D. Twitchett (eds): The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 5: The Five Dynasties and Sung China, 960–1279 AD. Part 2. Cambridge.

59 Shu Xincheng 舒新城 et al. (eds.) 1947: Ci hai 辭海. Hong Kong.

60 Siebold, Ph. Fr. de / J. G. Zuccarini 1835: Flora Japonica, sive Plantae quas in imperio Japonico collegit, descripsit, ex parte in ipsis locis pingendas curavit. Vol. 1. Lugduni Batavorum.

61 Société de Géographie 1824: Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires. Vol. 1: Voyages de Marco Polo. Paris.

62 Steinhardt, N. S. 2015: China's Early Mosques. Edinburgh.

63 Stuppy, W. / P. C. van Welsen / P. Klinratana / M. C. T. Posa 1999: “Revision of the Genera Aleurites, Reutealis and Vernicia (Euphorbiaceae).” In: Blumea 44, pp. 73–98.

64 Su Song 蘇頌 1994: Bencao tu jing 本草圗經. Collected and annotated by Shang Zhijun 尚志銁. Hefei.

65 Tang Shenwei 唐慎微 1957: Chongxiu Zhenghe jingshi zhenglei beiyong bencao 重修政和經史證纇備用本草 [facsimile of 1249 edn]. Beijing.

66 Tao Zongyi 陶宗儀 1959: Nan cun chuo geng lu 南村輟耕錄 Beijing.

67 Thunberg, C. P. 1784: Flora Japonica, sistens Plantas Insularum Japonicarum, secundum Systema Sexuale Emendatum, redactas ad XX Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species. Lipsiae.

68 Tuotuo 脱脱 et al. (eds.) 1977: Song shi 宋史. 40 vols. Beijing.

69 van der Vossen, H. A. M. / G. S. Mkamilo (eds) 2007: Vegetable Oils. Wageninen.

70 van Steenis, C. G.G. J. (ed.) 1950: Flora Malesiana. Series 1: Spermatophyta. Vol. 1. Djakarta.

71 Wang Hao 汪灝 et al. n. d.: Yuzhi Peiwen zhai guang qun fang pu 御製佩文齋廣群芳譜. In: Wenyuan Ge Si ku quanshu 文渊閣四庫全書 [facsimile edition on CD-ROM]. Wuhan.

72 Wang, Tiao-Hsin 1948: “The Chinese Varnish of the Sung Dynasty.” In: Artibus Asiae 11, 1/2, pp. 111–114.

73 Wang Xiangjin 王象晉 2001: Qun fang pu 群芳譜. In: Siku quanshu cunmu congshu, bu bian 四庫全書存目叢書, 补編. Vol. 80. Ji'nan.

74 Wang Yuhu 王毓瑚s 2006: Zhongguo nongxue shulu 中國農學書錄. Beijing (2nd ed.).

75 Wang Zhen 王禎 2008: Dong Lu Wang shi nong shu yizhu 東鲁王氏農書譯注. Annotated by Miao Qiyu 繆啟愉 and Miao Guilong Shanghai.

76 Watson, B. 1968: The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. Trans. B. Watson. New York.

77 White, B. T. 1970: Tanks and other Armoured Fighting Vehicles, 1900–1918. London.

78 Wilson, E. H. 1913: A Naturalist in Western China. 2 vols. London.

79 Xu Guangqi 徐光啟: Nong zheng quanshu jiaozhu 農政全書校注. Annotated by Shi Shenghan 石聲漢. 3 vols. Shanghai 1979.

80 Yan, Jinjiang / Guangbiao Xu / Fumei Wang 2013: “A Study on the Quality of Kapok Blended Yarns through Different Processing Methods.” In: Journal of The Textile Institute 104,7, pp. 675–681.

81 Yen Chiang-Kwoh 1943: “The Tung Region of China.” In: Economic Geography 19,4, pp. 418–427.

82 Yuan Ke 袁珂 (ed.) 1980: Shan hai jing jiaozhu 山海經校注. Shanghai.

83 Zeng Gongliang 曾公亮 / Ding Du 丁度 et al. 1988: Wujing zongyao 武經總要. In: “Zhongguo Bing Shu Jicheng” Bianweihui “中國兵書集成” 編委會 (ed.): Zhongguo bing shu jicheng 中國兵書集成. Vols. 3–5. Beijing.

84 Zhou Qufei 周去非 1999: Lingwai daida jiaozhu 嶺外代答校注. Annotated by Yang Wuquan 楊武泉. Beijing.

85 Zhou Zhenfu 周振甫 (ed.) 2002: Shi jing yi zhu 詩經譯注. Beijing.

Empfehlen


Export Citation