Skip to content

Vox clamantis: Zum 400. Geburtstag Huang Zongxis (1610–1695). Eine kommentierte Übersetzung der Kapitel V–VII des Mingyi daifang lu (Teil I)


Pages 123 - 150

DOI https://doi.org/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.161.1.0123




Summary:

This study provides an annotated translation of chapters V–VII of the Mingyi daifang lu by Huang Zongxi (Part II) and a commentary (Part I). Proceeding synchronically the essay examines Huang's remarks on the traditional education and examination system in Ming China, his criticism of its inherent defects as well as his suggestions for improvement. Concentrating on the educational aspects of the Mingyi daifang lu this text intends to shed light on a topic widely ignored by scholars both Western and Chinese.

In chapter V of the Mingyi daifang lu Huang explores the history and development of schools and academies in imperial and pre-imperial times. Analyzing their constant decline up to his times he describes their former role within Chinese society and politics. He continues to offer means for improvement and the resurrection of schools as being the foundation of the Chinese educational system.

Chapters VI–VII focus on the selection, education, and conduct of affairs of scholar-officials in the imperial administration, both local and central. Huang Zongxi goes to great length and detail in prescribing an alternative curriculum for the examinations emphasizing practical ability and learning over mere formalized scholarship. To avoid corruption and favoritism and to abolish bureaucratic centralization he suggests a variety of criteria for the selection of scholar-officials offering possible ways for entering the civil service different from the traditional examinations and freed of their structural limitations.

Bonn

1 Atwell, W. S. 1975: „From Education to Politics: The Fu She.‟ In: The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism. By W. T. de Bary and the Conference on Seventeenth-Century Chinese Thought. London/New York (Studies in Oriental Culture 10), S. 333–367.

2 de Bary, W. T. 1953: A Plan for the Prince: The Ming-i-tai-fang lu of Huang Tsung-hsi. Trans. and expl. by de W. T. Bary. New York (University Microfilms Publication 6599).

3 de Bary, W. T. 1957: „Chinese Despotism and the Confucian Ideal: A Seventeenth-Century View.‟ In: J. K. Fairbank (Hrsg.): Chinese Thought and Institutions. Chicago, S. 163–203.

4 de Bary, W. T. 1993: Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince – Huang Tsung-hsi's Ming-i-tai-fang lu. New York.

5 Billeter, J.-F. 1979: Li Zhi – philosophe maudit (1527–1602). Contribution à une sociologie du mandarinat chinois de la fin des Ming. Genf (Travaux de droit, d'économie, de sociologie et de sciences politiques 116).

6 Birge, B. 1989: „Chu Hsi and Women's Education.‟ In: W. T. de Bary/J. W. Chaffee (Hrsg.): Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage. Berkeley (Studies on China 9), S. 325–367.

7 Buckley-Ebrey, P. 1991: Chu Hsi's „Family Rituals‟. A Twelfth-Century Chinese Manual for the Performance of Cappings, Weddings, Funerals, and Ancestral Rites. Princeton.

8 Chaffee, J. W. 1985: The Thorny Gates of Learning. A Social History of Examinations in Sung China. Cambridge (Cambridge Studies in Chinese History, Literature, and Institutions).

9 Chang, C. 1962: The Development of Neo-Confucian Thought. Bd. II. New York.

10 Chang, J./Fang Chaoying (Hrsg.) 1987: Huang, Tsung-hsi: The Records of Ming Scholars: a Selected Translation. Honolulu.

11 Durant, S. W. 1995: The Cloudy Mirror. Tension and Conflict in the Writing of Sima Qian. Albany.

12 Fairbank, J. K./D. Twichett/F. W. Mote 1988: The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 7. The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I. Cambridge u.a.

13 Franke, O. 1932: „Der Bericht Wang Ngan-schis von 1058 über Reform des Beamtentums. Ein Beitrag zur Beurteilung des Reformators.‟ In: Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-Hist. Klasse. 13.

14 Franke, O. 1938: „Li Tschi. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der chinesischen Geisteskämpfe im 16. Jahrhundert.‟ In: Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Phil.-Hist. Klasse. 10.

15 Gardner, D. K. 1986: Chu Hsi and the Ta-hsueh: Neo Confucian Reflections on the Confucian Canon. Cambridge.

16 Gassmann, R. 1988: Ch'un-ch'iu-fan-lu. Üppiger Tau des Frühlings- und Herbst-Klassikers (Tung Chung-shu). Übersetzung und Annotierung der Kapitel 1–6. Bern u. a.

17 Grimm, T. 1985: „State and Power in Juxtaposition: An Assessment of Ming Despotism.‟ In: S. R. Schram (Hrsg.): The Scope of State Power in China. London/Hong Kong/New York, S. 27–50.

18 de Harlez, C. J. 1889: Kiali, livre des rites domestiques chinois de Tschou-hi. Traduit pour la première fois, avec commentaires par C. de Harlez. Paris (Bibliothèque orientale elzévirienne 60).

19 Hervouet, Y. 1964: Un poéte de cour sous les Han: Sseu-ma Siang-jou. Paris (Bibliothèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises).

20 Hou Wailu 1956: Zhongguo sixiang tongshi. Bd V. Beijing.

21 Huang Zongxi: Mingru xuean. Zhonghua shuju, Beijing 1985.

22 Huang Zongxi: Mingyi daifang lu. Guoxue jiben congshu, Taibei 1959.

23 Huang Zongxi: Poxie lun. Lizhou yizhu huikan, Vol. 2. Longyan, Taibei 1969.

24 Huang Zongxi: Song Yuan xuean. Zhonghua shuju, Beijing 1985.

25 Hucker, C. O. 1957: „The Tung-Lin Movement of the Late Ming Period.‟ In: J. K. Fairbank (Hrsg.): Chinese Thought and Institutions. Chicago, S. 132–162.

26 Hucker, C. O. 1961: The Traditional Chinese State in Ming Times (1368–1644). Tucson.

27 Hucker, C. O. 1969: „The Ming-ju hsüe-an of Huang Tsung-hsi.‟ In: East Asian Occasional Papers (I). Hrsg. von H.J. Lamley. Honolulu (Asian Studies at Hawai'i 3), S. 68–81.

28 Hucker, C. O. 1985: A Dictionary of Imperial Titles in China. Stanford.

29 Hummel, A. W. (Hrsg.) 1943–1944: Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912). 2 Bde. Washington.

30 Inata, T. 1991: „Wang Anshi yu Sima Guang. Jijin de shiren he baoshou de shixuejia.‟ In: Zhongguo de wenyi fuxing. Taibei, S. 65–95.

31 Jiu Tangshu. Zhonghua shuju, Beijing 1978.

32 Kasoff, I. 2002: The Thought of Chang Tsai (1020–1070). Cambridge.

33 Lee, T. H. C. 1985: Government Education and Examinations in Sung China. Hong Kong.

34 Lee, T. H. C. 2000: „Education in Traditional China – A History.‟ In: E. Zürcher/S. F. Treiser/M. Kern (Hrsg.): HdO, 4. Abtl. [China], 13. Bd. Leiden/Boston/Köln. Legge, J. 1960: The Chinese Classics. Vol. 1 (Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean). Hong Kong.

35 Lee, T. H. C. 1966 und 1968: Li Ki.The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Confucianism. Pts. 3 [I–X], 4 [XI–XLVI]. Dehli [urspr. London/Oxford 1885].

36 Liang Qichao 1941: Zhongguo jin sanbai nian xueshu shi. Shanghai.

37 Liang Qichao 1959: Intellectual Trends in the Ch'ing-Period. Translated by I.C.Y. Hsü with an Introduction and Notes. Foreword by B. I. Schwartz. Cambridge (Harvard East Asian Studies 2).

38 Linchuan xiansheng wenji [39: 1a-19a]. Shuwuyin shuguan, Shanghai 1922.

39 Liu, J.C.T. 1959: Reform in Sung China. Wang An-shih and his New Policies. Cambridge.

40 Loewe, M. 1993: Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley (Early China Special Monograph 2).

41 Lu Xun 1999: „Tagebuch eines Verrückten.‟ In: W. Kubin (Hrsg): Lu Xun. Applaus. Zürich (Lu Xun – Werke in sechs Bänden, Bd. 1).

42 Meskill, J. 1982: Academies in Ming China – A Historical Essay. Tucson (The Association for Asian Studies Monograph 39).

43 Miao Chunde 1992: Songdai jiaoyu. Henan daxue chubanshe, Kaifeng.

44 Ming shi: Zhonghua shuju, Beijing 1974.

45 Nivinson, D. S. 1960: „Protest against Conventions and Conventions of Protest.‟ In: A. F. Wright (Hrsg.): The Confucian Persuasion. Stanford, S. 177–201

46 W. Ommerborn 1999: „Die politischen Ideen des Huang Zongxi (1610–1695) und ihr philosophischer und politischer Hintergrund.‟ In: ZDMG 149, S. 289–336.

47 Ono Kazuko 1964: „Ko Sogi no zen hansei: Toku ni Min-i taiho roku no seiritsu katei to shite.‟ In: Toho gakuho 34, S. 135–198.

48 J. Osterhammel 2009: Die Verwandlung der Welt. Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts. München (4. Aufl.).

49 Quan Zuwang 1936: Jieqi ting ji. Guoxue jiben congshu. Shanghai Commercial Press, Shanghai.

50 Ropp, P. S. 1981: Dissent in Early Modern China: Ju-Lin Wai-Shih and Ch'ing Social Criticism. Ann Arbor.

51 Sariti, A. W. 1972: „Monarchy, Bureaucracy, and Absolutism in the Political Thought of Ssu-Ma Kuang.‟ In: Journal of Asian Studies 32.1, S. 53–76.

52 Schirokauer, C. M. 1962: „Chu Hsis Political Career: A Study in Ambivalence.‟ In: A. F. Wright (Hrsg.): Confucian Personalities. Stanford, Cal. 1962 (repr. 1969) (Stanford studies in the civilizations of Eastern Asia), S. 162–188.

53 Schneider, L. A. 1980: A Madman of Ch'u: The Chinese Myth of Loyalty and Dissent. Berkeley.

54 Jae-Hoon Shim 2002: „A New Understanding of Kija Chosŏn as a Historical Anachronism.‟ In: HJAS 62.2., S. 271–305.

55 Siku quanshu. Bd. 197, Shanghai, Guji chubanshe 1987.

56 Struve, L. A. 1988: „Huang Zongxi in Context: A Reappraisal of His Major Writings.‟ In: Journal of Asian Studies 47.3, S. 474–502.

57 Slupski, Z. 1989: „Three Levels of Composition of the Rulin Waishi.‟ In: HJAS 49.1, S. 5–53.

58 Tang Chun-I 1975: „Liu Tsung-chou's Doctrine of Moral Mind and Practice and His Critique of Wang Yang-ming.‟ In: W. T. de Bary (Hrsg.): The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism. New York (Studies in Oriental Culture 10), S. 305–332.

59 Twichett, D. 1976: The Birth of the Chinese Meritocracy. Bureaucrats and Examinations in T'ang China. The substance of a lecture delivered to the China Society in London on 17th December 1974. London (China Occasional Papers 18).

60 Übelhör, M./H.-W. Schütte/K. Scheerer/K. Prange 1977: „Huang Zongxi. Eine Gegenposition zum neokonfuzianischen Herrschaftsverständnis. Kommentierte Übersetzung der vier ersten Kapitel des Mingyi-daifang-lu von Huang Zongxi (1610–1695).‟ In: OE 24.1/2, S. 105–123.

61 Wakeman, F. 1977: „Rebellion and Revolution: The Study of Popular Movements in Chinese History.‟ In: Journal of Asian Studies 36.2, S. 202–237.

62 Watson, B. 1961: Sima Qian: Records of the Grand Historian of China. Translated from the Shih Chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien. 2 Bde. New York.

63 Williamson, H. R. 1935–1937: Wang An Shih: A Chinese Statesman and Educationalist of the Sung Dynasty. 2 Bde. London.

64 Yao Yingting: Songdai wenhua shi. Henan daxue chubanshe, Kaifeng 1992.

Share


Export Citation